Periods

When do periods start?

Girls have their first period during puberty – 11 is the average age for puberty to start in girls.

A girl's monthly periods usually begin at around the age of 12, although some girls will start them later.

A delay in starting periods isn't usually a cause for concern. Most girls will have regular periods from age 16 to 18.

Read more about girls and puberty.

Sanitary products

Sanitary products absorb or collect the blood released during your period. The main types of sanitary products are described below.

Sanitary pads

Sanitary pads are strips of padding that have a sticky side you attach to your underwear to hold them in place. One side of the pad is made of a special absorbent material that soaks up the blood.

Many women use sanitary pads when they first start their period because they're easy to use. They come in many sizes, so you can change them depending on how heavy or light your period is.

Pantyliners are a smaller and thinner type of sanitary pad that can be used on days when your period is very light.

Tampons

Tampons are small tubes of cotton wool that you insert into your vagina to absorb the blood before it comes out of your body. There's a string at one end of the tampon, which you pull to remove it.

Tampons come with instructions that explain how to use them. If the tampon is inserted correctly, you shouldn't be able to feel it. If you can feel it or it hurts, it might not be in properly.

It isn't possible for a tampon to get stuck or lost inside you. Your vagina holds it firmly in place and it expands inside you as it soaks up the blood.

For more information, see:

• Can a tampon get lost inside me?
• What if I forget to remove my tampon?

Menstrual cups

Menstrual cups are an alternative to sanitary pads and tampons. The cup is made from medical-grade silicone and you put it inside your vagina.

Menstrual cups collect the blood rather than absorbing it. Unlike sanitary pads and tampons, which are thrown away after they've been used, menstrual cups can be washed and used again.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Changes in your body's hormone levels before your monthly period can cause physical and emotional changes.

This is often known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual tension (PMT).

There are many possible symptoms of PMS, but typical symptoms include:

• feeling bloated
• breast tenderness
• mood swings
• feeling irritable
• loss of interest in sex

These symptoms usually improve when your period starts and disappear a few days afterwards. PMS doesn't affect all women who have periods.

Getting pregnant

Working out when you can get pregnant – your fertile time – can be difficult. It's around the time you ovulate, which is about 12 to 14 days before the start of your next period.

But sperm can survive inside a woman's body for days before ovulation occurs. This means your fertile time extends back earlier in your cycle.

You can calculate when your period will start and your peak ovulation times using an online period calendar.

You can't get pregnant if you don't ovulate. Some hormonal methods of contraception, such as the combined pill, contraceptive patch and contraceptive injection, work by preventing ovulation.

Read more about the menstrual cycle, fertility, contraception and getting pregnant.

Changes in your periods

Your periods can change – for example, they may last longer or get lighter. This doesn't necessarily mean there's a problem, but it does need to be investigated.

You can go to see your GP, or you can visit your nearest women's clinic or contraceptive clinic.

Bleeding between periods, bleeding after having sex, or bleeding after the menopause needs to be checked by a doctor.

It might be caused by an infection, abnormalities in the neck of the womb (the cervix) or, in rare cases, it could be cancer.

You could be pregnant if you miss a period and you've had sex. See your GP if you've taken a pregnancy test and the result is negative (you're not pregnant) and you've missed 3 consecutive periods.

They will investigate the cause and recommend any necessary treatment.

Read more about stopped or missed periods.

When do periods stop?

Your periods will continue until you reach the menopause, which usually occurs when you are in your late 40s to mid-50s. In the UK the average age of menopause is 51.

Your periods may start to become less frequent over a few months or years before stopping altogether. In some cases they can stop suddenly.