Primary biliary cholangitis (primary biliary cirrhosis)

Symptoms of PBC

PBC doesn't always cause symptoms, but some people may experience:

• bone and joint aches
• fatigue
• itchy skin
• dry eyes and mouth
• pain or discomfort in the upper right side of their tummy

Read more about the symptoms of PBC.

How PBC is diagnosed

Many people are only diagnosed with PBC after having a routine blood test for another reason. PBC can usually be diagnosed just using blood tests.

Once PBC is diagnosed, you'll also need an ultrasound scan to help rule out other problems with your bile ducts and assess your liver.

A liver biopsy is occasionally recommended to assess your liver and help doctors decide on the best treatment.

This involves safely removing a small sample of liver tissue so it can be studied under a microscope.

Causes of PBC

Bile is a liquid produced inside the liver that's used to help digest fats and remove waste products from the body. It passes out of the liver through small tubes called bile ducts.

In PBC, the immune system (the body's natural defence against infection and illness) mistakenly attacks the bile ducts.

It's not clear why this happens, but it's thought to be caused by a combination of subtle differences in how the immune system works.

The bile ducts become damaged and injured, causing bile to build up in the liver. This further damages the liver and may lead to scarring (cirrhosis).

How PBC is treated

PBC is a progressive condition, which means the damage to the liver can steadily get worse over time.

The rate at which PBC progresses varies between individuals. In some cases, it can take decades.

Without treatment, the liver can become so badly damaged that it no longer works properly. This is known as liver failure and can be fatal.

Liver failure can be prevented in the majority of people being treated for PBC with current treatments such as ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid.

Other medications can help relieve the itchiness associated with PBC. A liver transplant may be required in severe cases, but this is needed less commonly.

Read more about treating PBC.

Complications of PBC

If PBC isn't treated or reaches an advanced stage, it can be associated with other important problems.

These may include:

• osteoporosis – a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle
• portal hypertension – increased blood pressure inside the blood vessels in your abdomen
• ascites – a build-up of fluid in your abdomen (stomach) and around your intestines
• vitamin deficiencies – including vitamins A, D, E and K
• a slightly increased risk of developing liver cancer